International Comparison Program for Asia and the Pacific

ICP Data

This section allows access and download for purchasing power parities and other related indicators for International Comparison Program in Asia and the Pacific. To download data, follow the steps below:

1. From each of the participating economies listed under 'Economy', select the economy/ies you wish to access data.
2.From the thirteen measures listed under 'Indicator', choose the indicator/s you wish to view.
3. From the 44 published categories listed under “Expenditure Category”, select the category/ies you wish to analyze.
4. Tick the year/s (2017 and 2011) for which you would like to view data.

Your selections will appear in each of the four boxes on the right. You can then view your results either by economy (to see a range of indicators for an individual economy) or by indicator (to compare a number of economies based on a given indicator). The data set can be downloaded in comma-separated values (CSV), excel (XLSX), and tab-separated values (TSV) formats, together with the metadata.

Data were last updated on 08 October 2020. The data are updated once the results from new benchmark round become available.

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level	Expenditure Category	entryNo	metalevel	indicator	description	additionalNotes	units	source	BAN	BHU	BRU	CAM	FIJ	HKG	IND	INO	LAO	MAL	MLD	MON	MYA	NEP	PAK	PHI	PRC	SIN	SRI	TAP	THA	VIE
header	Purchasing Power Parities (Hong Kong, China as base)	0	indicator	Purchasing Power Parities (Hong Kong, China as base)	The amount of currency units required to purchase a common basket of goods and services in an economy that can be purchased with one unit of the reference currency in the reference economy.	Some PPPs presented are reference PPPs. For the detailed list of reference PPPs, see Appendix 5 of the 2017 ICP Main Report for Asia and the Pacific. When an economy is not able to provide prices for any of the items for any category corresponding to the available GDP expenditures, the PPP for this category is estimated using gap-filling techniques based on country-product-dummy (CPD) by the regional implementing agency.	(Hong Kong, China as base)	Asian Development Bank estimates.
0	Gross Domestic Product	1	publication	Gross Domestic Product	Actual individual consumption at purchasers' prices plus collective consumption expenditure by government at purchasers' prices plus gross capital formation at purchasers' prices plus the FOB (free on board) value of exports of goods and services less the FOB value of imports of goods and services.				4.95	3.20	0.11	237.61	0.16	1.00	3.43	781.12	463.97	0.28	1.36	131.66	61.00	5.20	5.59	3.22	0.70	0.15	8.22	2.62	2.14	1,230.21
0	Actual Individual Consumption by Households	2	publication	Actual Individual Consumption by Households	The total value of the individual consumption expenditures of households (ICEH), nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISH), and individual consumption expenditure by government (ICEG) at purchasers' prices.				4.58	3.05	0.11	227.84	0.15	1.00	3.15	780.92	462.27	0.27	1.48	125.77	59.20	4.74	5.25	3.06	0.67	0.17	7.91	2.58	2.05	1,174.31
0	Food and non-alcoholic beverages	3	publication	Food and non-alcoholic beverages	Household expenditure on food products and nonalcoholic beverages purchased for consumption at home. It excludes expenditures on food products and nonalcoholic beverages sold for immediate consumption away from home by hotels, restaurants, cafs, bars, kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, and other vendors; cooked dishes prepared by restaurants for consumption off their premises; cooked dishes prepared by catering contractors, whether collected by the customer or delivered to the customer's home; and products sold specifically as pet foods.				5.42	3.92	0.12	274.33	0.17	1.00	3.30	1,029.47	594.80	0.28	1.22	147.76	77.44	5.79	6.35	3.35	0.67	0.15	11.10	3.20	2.31	1,399.93
1	Food	4	publication	Food	Household expenditure on food products purchased for consumption at home. It excludes food products sold for immediate consumption away from the home by hotels, restaurants, cafs, bars, kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, etc.; cooked dishes prepared by restaurants for consumption off their premises; cooked dishes prepared by catering contractors, whether collected by the customer or delivered to the customer's home; and products sold specifically as pet food.				5.38	3.83	0.12	270.90	0.17	1.00	3.24	1,021.42	581.49	0.28	1.19	144.20	76.57	5.68	6.26	3.37	0.66	0.15	10.98	3.20	2.28	1,387.67
2	Bread and cereals	5	publication	Bread and cereals	Household expenditure on rice; other cereals, flour, and other cereal products; bread; other bakery products; and pasta products and couscous, purchased for consumption at home.				6.17	4.50	0.12	276.89	0.18	1.00	3.51	1,209.55	629.01	0.30	1.26	177.53	89.63	6.06	6.61	4.01	0.79	0.16	10.74	3.68	2.52	1,512.19
2	Meat	6	publication	Meat	Household expenditure on fresh, chilled, frozen, preserved or processed animals and poultry meat purchased for consumption as food at home. It also includes animals and poultry purchased live for consumption as food.				6.40	3.89	0.13	339.54	0.19	1.00	3.98	982.41	631.97	0.28	1.06	104.27	85.20	7.05	6.25	3.15	0.62	0.17	14.30	3.22	2.18	1,438.52
2	Fish and seafood	7	publication	Fish and seafood	Household expenditure on fresh, chilled, frozen, preserved or processed fish and seafood purchased for consumption as food at home. It also includes fish and seafood (such as crustaceans, molluscs and other shellfish, sea snails, land crabs, land snails and frogs) purchased live for consumption as food.				4.59	3.13	0.09	220.88	0.14	1.00	3.15	737.53	493.67	0.25	0.54	208.97	59.08	6.45	5.48	2.28	0.61	0.15	7.25	2.84	1.82	1,224.98
2	Milk, cheese and eggs	8	publication	Milk, cheese and eggs	Household expenditure on fresh or preserved milk, other milk products such as soya milk, cheese and curd; and egg including egg-based products purchased for consumption as food at home.				5.17	3.68	0.12	285.78	0.21	1.00	3.07	977.77	608.79	0.27	1.34	154.33	80.30	5.43	7.02	3.73	0.69	0.13	9.85	2.73	2.34	1,480.53
2	Oils and fats	9	publication	Oils and fats	Household expenditure on butter, margarine and other vegetable fats such as peanut butter; and other edible oils and fats purchased for consumption as food at home.				7.34	3.87	0.11	343.71	0.15	1.00	4.10	1,318.37	669.38	0.30	1.22	183.89	89.52	6.99	8.60	4.62	0.74	0.14	21.94	2.95	2.90	1,883.52
2	Fruit	10	publication	Fruit	Household expenditure on fresh, chilled, frozen, preserved or processed fruit and fruit-based products purchased for consumption as food at home.				5.38	4.24	0.15	268.36	0.18	1.00	2.86	1,089.77	530.06	0.28	1.68	232.34	69.88	5.41	7.83	3.46	0.73	0.13	11.36	2.99	2.58	1,341.87
2	Vegetables	11	publication	Vegetables	Household expenditure on fresh, chilled, frozen, preserved or processed vegetable and vegetable-based products purchased for consumption as food at home.				3.22	3.74	0.17	266.15	0.15	1.00	2.50	1,163.52	550.18	0.32	2.29	226.91	69.71	3.90	4.53	3.74	0.50	0.16	10.35	3.79	2.32	1,328.76
2	Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and confectionery	12	publication	Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and confectionery	Household expenditure on sugar and artificial sugar substitutes; jams, marmalades and honey; and chocolate, confectionery and ice cream purchased for consumption at home.				5.64	4.39	0.11	243.09	0.13	1.00	3.55	1,028.92	517.22	0.23	0.95	164.99	89.13	6.52	5.57	3.41	0.71	0.15	6.74	2.54	2.13	1,425.81
2	Food products n.e.c.	13	publication	Food products n.e.c.	Household expenditure on sauces and condiments; salt, spices and culinary herbs; baby food; ready-made meals when the price only covers the cost of the product; and other food products not elsewhere classified purchased for consumption at home.				5.51	2.93	0.10	205.71	0.18	1.00	3.94	838.67	518.13	0.24	1.29	148.25	63.62	5.84	5.86	2.60	0.85	0.11	11.74	2.55	1.73	1,197.80
1	Non-alcoholic beverages	14	publication	Non-alcoholic beverages	Household expenditure on nonalcoholic beverages purchased for consumption at home. It excludes nonalcoholic beverages sold for immediate consumption away from home by hotels, restaurants, cafs, bars, kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, and other vendors.				6.36	5.48	0.15	339.95	0.24	1.00	4.96	1,163.38	755.09	0.31	1.57	203.87	95.75	8.57	8.18	3.09	0.74	0.13	13.54	3.22	2.69	1,638.37
0	Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics	15	publication	Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics	Household expenditure on alcoholic beverages purchased for consumption at home. It includes low or nonalcoholic beverages that are generally alcoholic such as nonalcoholic beer, and excludes alcoholic beverages sold for immediate consumption away from the home by hotels, restaurants, cafs, bars, kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, and other vendors; and household expenditure on tobacco (which covers all purchases of tobacco, including purchases of tobacco in cafs, bars, restaurants, and service stations).				6.07	3.69	0.12	186.32	0.27	1.00	6.88	959.33	496.78	0.59	1.83	123.14	58.12	8.79	3.91	2.53	0.76	0.32	27.47	2.86	3.25	1,011.00
1	Alcoholic beverages	16	publication	Alcoholic beverages	Household expenditure on alcoholic beverages purchased for consumption at home. It includes low or non-alcoholic beverages which are generally alcoholic such as non-alcoholic beer, and excludes alcoholic beverages sold for immediate consumption away from the home by hotels, restaurants, cafs, bars, kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, and other vendors.				n.a.	5.74	n.a.	431.58	0.42	1.00	8.46	2,291.06	948.88	0.75	n.a.	269.83	136.42	16.32	n.a.	4.05	0.96	0.31	29.19	3.62	4.20	2,012.48
1	Tobacco and narcotics	17	publication	Tobacco and narcotics	Household expenditure on tobacco, including purchases of tobacco in cafs, bars, restaurants, service stations; and narcotics.				3.61	2.30	0.07	81.02	0.18	1.00	4.80	508.16	217.15	0.42	1.14	56.53	28.46	4.47	2.14	1.50	0.54	0.28	21.78	1.96	2.49	478.61
0	Clothing and footwear	18	publication	Clothing and footwear	Household expenditure on clothing materials; other articles of clothing and clothing accessories; garments for men, women, children, and infants; cleaning, repair, and hire of clothing; all footwear for men, women, children, and infants; and repair and hire of footwear.				5.74	3.87	0.20	287.62	0.20	1.00	3.13	1,070.50	519.63	0.33	1.40	183.41	77.71	5.73	7.10	4.88	1.29	0.17	8.86	2.59	2.13	1,398.93
0	Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels	19	publication	Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels	Household expenditure on actual and imputed rentals for housing; maintenance and repair of the dwelling; water supply and miscellaneous services related to the dwelling; and electricity, gas, and other fuels plus expenditure by nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISH) on housing plus individual consumption expenditure by government (ICEG) on housing services provided to individuals.				3.30	2.02	0.06	219.78	0.09	1.00	2.56	451.72	360.00	0.19	2.15	124.18	34.45	3.56	3.93	2.43	0.56	0.19	5.72	2.59	1.41	1,204.73
0	Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance	20	publication	Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance	Household expenditure on furniture and furnishings; carpets and other floor coverings; repair of furniture, furnishings and floor coverings; household textiles; household appliances; glassware, tableware, and household utensils; tools and equipment for house and garden; and goods and services for routine household maintenance.				5.75	4.52	0.10	283.64	0.21	1.00	3.83	1,000.08	573.66	0.27	1.68	200.31	72.91	5.60	6.63	3.33	0.87	0.18	9.21	3.23	2.66	1,560.32
0	Health	21	publication	Health	Household expenditure on pharmaceuticals; medical products, appliances, and equipment; outpatient services; and hospital services plus expenditure of NPISH on health plus ICEG on health benefits and reimbursements, and the production of health services.				2.47	1.13	0.09	116.49	0.09	1.00	1.49	423.42	173.04	0.21	0.70	56.57	28.03	2.14	3.11	2.20	0.39	0.18	2.78	1.32	1.37	653.21
0	Transportation	22	publication	Transportation	Household expenditure on purchase of vehicles, operation of personal transport equipment, and transport services.				5.16	4.06	0.14	315.26	0.16	1.00	3.95	906.71	710.98	0.28	1.82	150.30	83.40	8.38	6.46	3.55	0.52	0.22	11.32	2.58	2.46	1,624.48
1	Purchase of vehicles	23	publication	Purchase of vehicles	Household expenditure on purchase of new and second-hand motor cars; motor cycles of all types, scooters and powered bicycles; bicycles and tricycles of all types; and animal-drawn vehicles, which include animals required to draw the vehicles and related equipment such as yokes, collars, harnesses, bridles, and reins.				12.10	7.36	0.36	644.20	0.32	1.00	6.31	1,897.15	1,248.68	0.52	5.62	249.71	185.79	20.06	10.83	5.80	0.70	0.55	28.08	4.38	5.15	3,296.16
1	Transport services	24	publication	Transport services	Household expenditure on purchases of transport services classified by mode of transport; cost of meals, snacks, drinks, refreshments or accommodation services must be included if covered by the fare and not separately priced. It includes school transport services but excludes ambulance services and package holidays.				3.96	3.82	0.12	283.67	0.15	1.00	3.33	837.69	838.50	0.30	1.47	150.84	72.43	5.81	5.88	3.37	0.60	0.18	8.05	3.00	1.77	1,543.49
0	Communication	25	publication	Communication	Household expenditure on postal services, telephone and telefax equipment, and telephone and telefax services.				4.68	5.84	0.28	272.76	0.13	1.00	2.90	1,074.36	713.24	0.42	2.36	216.55	111.91	3.98	5.27	5.00	0.68	0.21	8.76	2.21	2.96	1,046.39
0	Recreation and culture	26	publication	Recreation and culture	Household expenditure on audiovisual, photographic, and information processing equipment; other major durables for recreation and culture; other recreational items and equipment; gardens and pets; recreational and cultural services; newspapers, books, and stationery; and package holidays plus expenditure by NPISH on recreation and culture plus ICEG on recreation and culture.				6.34	5.14	0.19	354.03	0.20	1.00	4.56	1,284.49	740.90	0.40	2.30	201.62	93.98	5.39	8.00	4.11	0.86	0.15	13.60	3.28	3.27	1,657.38
0	Education	27	publication	Education	Household expenditure on pre-primary, primary, secondary, post-secondary, and tertiary education plus expenditure of NPISH on education plus ICEG on education benefits and reimbursements and the production of education services.				2.80	1.42	0.06	77.49	0.11	1.00	1.91	403.71	107.48	0.21	0.89	46.25	24.07	1.74	2.42	1.59	0.58	0.13	1.57	1.94	1.07	456.55
0	Restaurants and hotels	28	publication	Restaurants and hotels	Household expenditure on food products and beverages sold for immediate consumption away from the home by hotels, restaurants, cafs, bars, kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, and other vendors (including cooked dishes prepared by restaurants for consumption off their premises and cooked dishes prepared by catering contractors, whether collected by the customer or delivered to the customer's home) and household expenditure on accommodation services provided by hotels and similar establishments.				4.76	3.18	0.10	242.71	0.19	1.00	3.98	787.72	703.55	0.24	1.13	163.06	72.50	4.50	6.38	3.54	0.74	0.14	10.93	2.47	1.99	1,133.87
0	Miscellaneous goods and services	29	publication	Miscellaneous goods and services	Household expenditure on personal care, personal effects, social protection, insurance, and financial and other services plus expenditure by NPISH on social protection and other services plus ICEG on social protection.				5.51	3.43	0.11	272.74	0.19	1.00	4.14	925.59	554.46	0.31	1.33	141.93	72.30	6.46	6.97	3.58	0.85	0.18	7.90	2.80	2.40	1,251.26
0	Net purchases abroad	30	publication	Net purchases abroad	Purchases by residential households in the rest of the world (as tourists, people traveling on business, and government officials, crews, border and seasonal workers, diplomatic and military personal stationed abroad) less purchases by non-residential households in the economic territory of the country (as tourists, people traveling on business, and government officials, crews, border and seasonal workers, diplomatic and military personal stationed abroad).	Zero expenditure values for Net purchases abroad may imply that this expenditure category is allocated under other GDP expenditure components based on the best judgments of the implementing agencies of the participating economies. PPP values presented are reference PPPs. For the detailed list of reference PPPs, see Appendix 5 of the 2017 ICP Main Report for Asia and the Pacific.			10.32	8.36	0.18	519.75	0.27	1.00	8.36	1,716.98	1,071.64	0.55	1.97	313.06	174.56	13.41	13.53	6.47	0.87	0.18	19.56	3.91	4.36	2,870.44
0	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Government	31	publication	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Government	The total value of actual and imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by government on individual goods and services. These include expenditures incurred by the government considered to be individual services such as housing, health, recreation and culture, education, and social protection.				3.51	1.50	0.07	140.26	0.11	1.00	3.71	491.78	173.85	0.22	0.89	46.91	32.26	3.60	4.77	2.72	0.60	0.15	2.51	1.89	1.40	609.30
0	Collective Consumption Expenditure by Government	32	publication	Collective Consumption Expenditure by Government	The final consumption expenditure of government on collective services or the service provided by the government simultaneously to all members of the community.				4.60	1.74	0.07	233.89	0.14	1.00	4.54	598.80	277.70	0.24	1.03	75.18	49.33	5.99	5.72	3.00	0.72	0.12	3.99	2.25	1.91	839.84
0	Gross Capital Formation	33	publication	Gross Capital Formation	The total value of expenditure on gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), changes in inventories, and acquisitions less disposals of valuables.				6.09	4.52	0.12	274.53	0.16	1.00	3.88	834.43	567.32	0.29	1.27	166.01	71.38	7.02	7.02	3.85	0.74	0.15	10.82	2.92	2.35	1,498.75
0	Gross fixed capital formation	34	publication	Gross fixed capital formation	The total value of acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets by resident institutional units during the accounting period plus the additions to the value of nonproduced assets realized by the productive activity of resident institutional units.				6.10	4.53	0.12	273.33	0.16	1.00	3.86	830.33	565.52	0.29	1.26	166.96	71.07	7.14	7.08	3.85	0.74	0.15	10.70	2.93	2.34	1,497.52
1	Machinery and equipment	35	publication	Machinery and equipment	Capital expenditure on fabricated metal products, electrical and optical equipment, general-purpose machinery, special-purpose machinery, and transport equipment.				12.49	9.51	0.20	520.78	0.26	1.00	6.69	1,652.77	1,090.28	0.50	2.16	292.38	136.32	11.54	12.43	6.45	1.00	0.21	19.00	4.30	4.16	2,656.58
1	Construction	36	publication	Construction	Capital expenditure on the construction of new structures and renovation of existing structures. Structures include residential buildings, nonresidential buildings, and civil engineering works.				3.59	2.60	0.08	164.05	0.12	1.00	2.53	498.40	330.38	0.19	0.83	107.12	42.15	4.86	4.51	2.59	0.57	0.12	6.77	2.35	1.46	963.83
1	Other products	37	publication	Other products	Capital expenditure on furniture and other manufactured goods; computer software that a producer expects to use in production for more than one year; plantation, orchard, and vineyard development; change in stocks including breeding stock, draught animals, dairy cattle, and animals raised for wool clippings; land improvement, including dams and dikes that are part of flood control and irrigation projects; mineral exploration; acquisition of entertainment, literary, or artistic originals; and other intangible fixed assets such as research and development, weapons and ammunition; and ownership transfer costs on non-produced assets, including ownership transfer costs relating to land.	PPP values presented are reference PPPs. For the detailed list of reference PPPs, see Appendix 5 of the 2017 ICP Main Report for Asia and the Pacific.			12.20	9.48	0.21	507.50	0.26	1.00	6.43	1,657.84	1,076.06	0.49	2.17	289.04	130.09	11.93	12.38	6.34	0.99	0.20	18.63	4.19	4.10	2,632.64
0	Changes in inventories	38	publication	Changes in inventories	The value of physical change in inventories of raw materials, supplies and finished goods held by producers; inventories of goods acquired for resale by wholesalers and retailers; inventories of all goods stored by government; work-in-progress in manufacturing, construction and service industries; work-in-progress on cultivated assets (e.g., the natural growth prior to harvest of agricultural crops, vineyards, orchards, plantations and timber tracts and the natural growth in livestock raised for slaughter).	PPP values presented are reference PPPs. For the detailed list of reference PPPs, see Appendix 5 of the 2017 ICP Main Report for Asia and the Pacific.			5.77	4.16	0.12	283.32	0.18	1.00	3.82	920.11	576.35	0.30	1.44	158.09	73.65	6.45	6.21	3.77	0.76	0.17	11.29	2.87	2.47	1,470.96
0	Acquisitions less disposals of valuables	39	publication	Acquisitions less disposals of valuables	Acquisitions of valuables (produced assets, such as non-monetary gold, precious stones, antiques, paintings, sculptures and other art objects, that are not used primarily for production or consumption but purchased and held as stores of value) less disposals of valuables.	PPP values presented are reference PPPs. For the detailed list of reference PPPs, see Appendix 5 of the 2017 ICP Main Report for Asia and the Pacific.			10.32	8.36	0.18	519.75	0.27	1.00	8.36	1,716.98	1,071.64	0.55	1.97	313.06	174.56	13.41	13.53	6.47	0.87	0.18	19.56	3.91	4.36	2,870.44
0	Balance of Exports and Imports	40	publication	Balance of Exports and Imports	The FOB value of exports of goods and services less the FOB value of imports of goods and services.	PPP values presented are reference PPPs. For the detailed list of reference PPPs, see Appendix 5 of the 2017 ICP Main Report for Asia and the Pacific.			10.32	8.36	0.18	519.75	0.27	1.00	8.36	1,716.98	1,071.64	0.55	1.97	313.06	174.56	13.41	13.53	6.47	0.87	0.18	19.56	3.91	4.36	2,870.44
0	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households	41	publication	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households	The total value of actual and imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by households and NPISH for goods and services consumed by the households on housing, health, recreation and culture, education, and social protection and other services. It also includes expenditures on individual goods and services sold at prices that are not economically significant.				4.73	3.28	0.11	238.51	0.16	1.00	3.12	815.39	502.05	0.28	1.57	139.95	62.45	4.89	5.33	3.11	0.66	0.17	8.89	2.66	2.13	1,250.81
0	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households without Housing	42	publication	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households without Housing	Individual consumption expenditure by households and NPISH, without actual and imputed rentals for housing and excluding expenditure by NPISH on housing.				5.03	3.46	0.12	250.10	0.17	1.00	3.27	890.67	529.33	0.29	1.52	143.83	67.75	5.12	5.41	3.35	0.68	0.17	9.44	2.64	2.31	1,270.00
0	Government Final Consumption Expenditure	43	publication	Government Final Consumption Expenditure	The total value of actual and imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by government on individual goods and services and final consumption expenditure of government on collective services.				4.11	1.62	0.07	183.79	0.13	1.00	4.15	550.85	236.96	0.23	0.96	61.22	42.51	5.05	5.27	2.88	0.67	0.13	3.26	2.07	1.67	733.48
0	Domestic Absorption	44	publication	Domestic Absorption	Actual individual consumption at purchasers' prices plus collective consumption expenditure by government (CCEG) at purchasers' prices plus GFCF at purchasers' prices plus changes in inventories, and acquisitions less disposals of valuables.				4.94	3.27	0.11	236.24	0.15	1.00	3.43	775.40	462.39	0.27	1.35	130.30	61.36	5.39	5.62	3.22	0.70	0.16	8.23	2.64	2.11	1,218.57

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Coordinators in Participating Economies

ICP Publications, Blogs, and Articles

These present the ICP reports and related research presenting methodologies and results of purchasing power parities (PPPs) across various ICP cycles in Asia and the Pacific and related research such as studies on poverty-specific PPPs, integrating ICP with the Consumer Price Index as a framework for subnational PPPs, and alternative approaches for estimating PPPs for non-benchmark years in the region.

ICP Reports and Research
Blogs and Related Articles