International Comparison Program for Asia and the Pacific

Mongolia

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Brunei Darussalam

Cambodia

China, People's Republic of

Fiji

Hong Kong, China

India

Indonesia

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Malaysia

Maldives

Mongolia

Nepal

Pakistan

Philippines

Singapore

Sri Lanka

Taipei,China

Thailand

Viet Nam

Choose Year

2017 ICP
2021 ICP


National Perspective PPPs, PLIs and per capita values are for GDP
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP HKG=1.00)		132.06 148.19
Price Level Index (PLI HKG=100)		42.19 40.43
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure (HK$)		28,886.88 36,200.05
Per Capita Real Expenditure (HK$)		68,471.98 89,532.10
Real GDP Expenditure Share to AP (%)		0.09 0.09
Nominal GDP Expenditure Share to AP (%)		0.06 0.06
Regional Perspective Regional rankings based on 2021 data
Price Level Index GDP (Expensiveness) ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Least Most
Per Capita Real GDP ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lowest Highest
Real GDP Share to AP ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lowest Highest
Price Level Index ICEH (Expensiveness) ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Least Most
Per Capita Real ICEH ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lowest Highest
Real ICEH Share to AP ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lowest Highest

Household

Government

Investment

Table: 2021 ICP data by Indicator and Expenditure Category

Indicator	Gross Domestic Product	Actual Individual Consumption by Households	Food and nonalcoholic beverages	Food	Bread and cereals	Meat	Fish and seafood	Milk, cheese and eggs	Oils and fats	Fruit	Vegetables	Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and confectionery	Food products n.e.c.	Nonalcoholic beverages	Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics	Alcoholic beverages	Tobacco and narcotics	Clothing and footwear	Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels	Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance	Health	Transportation	Purchase of vehicles	Transport services	Communication	Recreation and culture	Education	Restaurants and hotels	Miscellaneous goods and services	Net purchases abroad	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Government	Collective Consumption Expenditure by Government	Gross Capital Formation	Gross fixed capital formation	Machinery and equipment	Construction	Other products	Changes in inventories	Acquisitions less disposals of valuables	Balance of Exports and Imports	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households without Housing	Government Final Consumption Expenditure	Domestic Absorption	Total Consumption
Purchasing Power Parity (Hong Kong, China as base)	132.06	145.29	141.19	177.29	104.42	208.71	154.40	183.51	231.40	225.82	165.19	148.25	203.78	127.33	274.95	56.53	183.03	124.86	200.89	58.00	154.11	251.30	159.05	215.53	201.77	54.06	164.05	148.82	313.03	51.52	76.24	166.72	166.28	293.56	107.06	290.07	186.05	313.03	313.03	127.28	139.24	130.90	143.29	64.95	120.47
Price Level Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	42.19	46.41	45.10	56.64	33.36	66.67	49.32	58.62	73.92	72.14	52.77	47.36	65.10	40.68	87.83	18.06	58.47	39.89	64.18	18.53	49.23	80.28	50.81	68.85	64.46	17.27	52.41	47.54	100.00	16.46	24.35	53.26	53.12	93.78	34.20	92.66	59.44	100.00	100.00	40.66	44.48	41.82	45.77	20.75	38.48
Price Level Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	68.03	81.53	80.22	95.62	50.79	133.36	99.07	86.36	136.75	157.49	91.52	79.66	95.45	55.42	84.01	41.04	74.82	105.25	83.03	55.74	88.18	91.55	104.24	110.91	75.13	39.11	81.48	65.67	100.00	28.80	36.94	73.57	73.49	87.25	64.72	87.77	79.26	100.00	100.00	72.88	80.42	67.89	77.25	33.50	67.00
Real Expenditure (HK$ billion)	212.10	34.79	31.87	3.91	17.08	0.02	8.56	0.38	0.26	0.95	1.84	0.34	2.73	9.25	2.60	8.18	4.97	19.79	1.79	18.15	10.84	1.34	4.82	2.52	2.56	31.26	2.32	8.39	0.62	29.22	31.43	46.05	37.65	8.34	27.88	2.85	7.61	0.00	2.15	135.65	113.19	208.84	97.18	60.07	163.21
Economy Shares of Real Expenditure to Asia and the Pacific (%)	0.09	0.12	0.11	0.06	0.38	0.00	0.21	0.04	0.01	0.02	0.19	0.02	0.28	0.34	0.45	0.26	0.10	0.06	0.04	0.10	0.08	0.05	0.10	0.06	0.07	0.20	0.04	0.06	-0.39	0.20	0.15	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.04	0.05	0.31	0.00	0.09	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.17	0.10
Per Capita Real Expenditure (HK$)	68,471.98	11,231.62	10,287.86	1,260.81	5,513.21	6.15	2,763.09	123.25	84.26	305.86	593.86	108.52	879.84	2,987.28	840.45	2,640.99	1,602.89	6,387.95	576.28	5,859.12	3,499.64	434.17	1,557.17	814.23	824.88	10,090.18	747.43	2,707.29	200.52	9,432.83	10,146.07	14,864.59	12,153.77	2,691.00	9,001.37	921.31	2,455.31	1.56	693.42	43,792.34	36,539.78	67,419.74	31,371.19	19,391.30	52,688.57
Per Capita Real Expenditure Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	19.03	43.28	42.25	49.94	69.31	0.14	294.66	41.42	4.17	19.90	80.82	2.78	54.82	144.86	66.57	330.27	13.11	16.06	4.51	27.53	20.58	17.91	14.51	13.53	3.14	61.42	3.31	5.13	n.a.	68.60	46.95	18.72	15.60	12.32	18.47	12.58	165.43	n.a.	19.10	17.17	15.14	18.93	15.09	54.83	19.04
Per Capita Real Expenditure Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	106.41	142.13	133.86	76.55	461.88	0.77	261.67	45.33	10.12	24.35	233.38	23.08	338.45	423.38	558.82	322.22	120.36	79.59	54.06	117.05	95.56	59.59	125.16	78.75	91.89	246.12	45.37	71.60	-478.29	247.74	187.39	71.39	60.54	68.67	54.68	60.75	380.73	1.99	106.95	118.55	109.64	105.80	112.50	209.04	125.17
Nominal Expenditure (HK$ billion)	89.48	16.15	14.37	2.21	5.70	0.01	4.22	0.22	0.19	0.68	0.97	0.16	1.77	3.76	2.29	1.48	2.90	7.89	1.15	3.36	5.34	1.08	2.45	1.74	1.65	5.40	1.21	3.99	0.62	4.81	7.65	24.52	20.00	7.82	9.54	2.64	4.52	0.00	2.15	55.16	50.35	87.33	44.48	12.46	62.81
Economy Shares of Nominal Expenditure to Asia and the Pacific (%)	0.06	0.09	0.09	0.06	0.19	0.00	0.21	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.17	0.01	0.26	0.19	0.38	0.11	0.07	0.07	0.04	0.05	0.07	0.04	0.11	0.07	0.06	0.08	0.03	0.04	-0.39	0.06	0.06	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.25	0.00	0.09	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.07	0.06	0.07
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure (HK$)	28,886.88	5,212.84	4,640.07	714.08	1,839.09	4.10	1,362.83	72.25	62.28	220.65	313.39	51.39	572.77	1,215.11	738.19	476.92	937.19	2,547.95	369.83	1,085.58	1,722.92	348.55	791.20	560.61	531.68	1,742.60	391.71	1,287.09	200.52	1,552.60	2,471.01	7,916.81	6,455.92	2,523.61	3,078.58	853.72	1,459.33	1.56	693.42	17,805.64	16,253.04	28,193.47	14,359.90	4,023.62	20,276.65
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	8.03	20.09	19.06	28.28	23.12	0.09	145.34	24.28	3.08	14.36	42.65	1.32	35.69	58.92	58.47	59.64	7.67	6.41	2.90	5.10	10.13	14.37	7.37	9.31	2.02	10.61	1.74	2.44	n.a.	11.29	11.43	9.97	8.29	11.56	6.32	11.66	98.32	n.a.	19.10	6.98	6.73	7.92	6.91	11.38	7.33
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	72.40	115.87	107.37	73.20	234.57	1.02	259.22	39.15	13.84	38.36	213.58	18.39	323.06	234.62	469.48	132.23	90.06	83.77	44.88	65.24	84.27	54.55	130.46	87.34	69.04	96.26	36.97	47.02	-478.29	71.35	69.23	52.52	44.49	59.92	35.39	53.32	301.77	1.99	106.95	86.40	88.18	71.83	86.91	70.03	83.86
Shares of Nominal Expenditure (%)	100.00	18.05	16.06	2.47	6.37	0.01	4.72	0.25	0.22	0.76	1.08	0.18	1.98	4.21	2.56	1.65	3.24	8.82	1.28	3.76	5.96	1.21	2.74	1.94	1.84	6.03	1.36	4.46	0.69	5.37	8.55	27.41	22.35	8.74	10.66	2.96	5.05	0.01	2.40	61.64	56.26	97.60	49.71	13.93	70.19
Expenditure (billion Local Currency Units)	28,010.71	5,054.73	4,499.33	692.42	1,783.30	3.98	1,321.50	70.06	60.40	213.96	303.88	49.84	555.40	1,178.25	715.80	462.45	908.77	2,470.67	358.61	1,052.66	1,670.66	337.97	767.20	543.61	515.55	1,689.75	379.83	1,248.05	194.44	1,505.51	2,396.06	7,676.69	6,260.10	2,447.07	2,985.20	827.83	1,415.07	1.51	672.38	17,265.58	15,760.06	27,338.33	13,924.34	3,901.57	19,661.64
Purchasing Power Parity (Hong Kong, China as base)	148.19	164.94	160.86	193.03	119.81	235.50	185.29	238.96	257.48	292.20	191.55	198.18	240.36	116.56	305.26	56.49	221.26	131.68	232.01	60.58	165.04	218.70	154.54	312.11	224.47	57.25	172.37	166.14	366.52	57.38	88.52	195.35	195.57	356.11	124.98	358.10	209.99	366.52	366.52	135.75	149.94	144.81	156.52	73.79	129.52
Price Level Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	40.43	45.00	43.89	52.67	32.69	64.25	50.55	65.20	70.25	79.72	52.26	54.07	65.58	31.80	83.29	15.41	60.37	35.93	63.30	16.53	45.03	59.67	42.17	85.16	61.24	15.62	47.03	45.33	100.00	15.66	24.15	53.30	53.36	97.16	34.10	97.70	57.29	100.00	100.00	37.04	40.91	39.51	42.71	20.13	35.34
Price Level Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	62.82	83.75	83.05	91.75	51.44	132.58	104.48	94.07	158.79	190.01	94.99	107.55	93.35	42.79	69.49	32.64	72.77	93.00	84.91	45.88	77.90	93.69	82.16	125.76	78.13	30.90	66.97	60.56	100.00	24.96	33.45	72.17	72.61	85.43	65.58	83.32	68.54	100.00	100.00	66.05	74.27	63.08	72.18	29.70	60.68
Real Expenditure (HK$ billion)	293.91	55.58	52.22	5.15	32.40	0.01	13.16	0.52	0.63	1.10	2.09	0.37	3.19	12.28	1.87	15.23	4.00	21.49	2.68	26.09	12.35	4.63	1.52	3.13	1.81	47.19	0.91	10.23	3.01	43.71	45.04	76.00	59.76	13.28	44.54	3.89	14.83	0.12	-2.38	188.54	153.97	306.79	133.39	88.03	228.39
Economy Shares of Real Expenditure to Asia and the Pacific (%)	0.09	0.14	0.13	0.07	0.47	0.00	0.25	0.04	0.01	0.02	0.17	0.01	0.26	0.35	0.34	0.37	0.07	0.05	0.05	0.11	0.07	0.10	0.03	0.07	0.05	0.22	0.01	0.05	3.25	0.23	0.18	0.07	0.06	0.08	0.05	0.05	0.51	0.03	-0.05	0.10	0.09	0.10	0.10	0.20	0.11
Per Capita Real Expenditure (HK$)	89,532.10	16,929.94	15,908.66	1,568.55	9,868.69	3.68	4,010.09	158.56	193.26	335.76	637.13	112.46	970.70	3,741.84	570.14	4,640.31	1,217.70	6,547.25	815.58	7,946.15	3,761.55	1,409.46	463.22	952.38	552.03	14,373.53	276.75	3,114.90	915.73	13,316.16	13,719.73	23,149.64	18,205.28	4,044.79	13,568.27	1,184.99	4,516.00	37.00	-724.13	57,433.65	46,902.25	93,455.68	40,632.21	26,814.60	69,570.69
Per Capita Real Expenditure Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	23.14	70.16	70.38	60.62	126.59	0.09	375.95	74.94	9.06	18.94	92.23	5.06	63.62	233.10	71.64	573.31	10.76	14.36	5.81	29.08	33.16	53.60	10.72	10.92	2.38	75.81	1.55	4.67	n.a.	68.53	46.33	35.67	27.94	27.54	32.40	13.79	-1,753.67	n.a.	-3.36	21.21	18.66	25.58	19.06	54.68	23.16
Per Capita Real Expenditure Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	109.15	163.23	157.15	82.21	549.86	0.36	298.01	45.72	16.17	20.57	197.48	16.72	304.89	414.73	396.75	439.62	84.53	61.60	63.94	124.18	86.36	116.99	39.34	85.41	55.99	262.93	14.38	63.03	3,833.38	276.67	215.47	84.13	68.37	95.05	57.87	54.72	600.09	30.06	-60.57	120.69	109.16	113.44	114.30	238.61	129.53
Nominal Expenditure (HK$ billion)	118.84	25.01	22.92	2.71	10.59	0.01	6.65	0.34	0.45	0.88	1.09	0.20	2.09	3.91	1.56	2.35	2.41	7.72	1.69	4.31	5.56	2.76	0.64	2.66	1.11	7.37	0.43	4.64	3.01	6.84	10.88	40.51	31.89	12.90	15.19	3.80	8.49	0.12	-2.38	69.83	62.99	121.21	56.96	17.72	80.71
Economy Shares of Nominal Expenditure to Asia and the Pacific (%)	0.06	0.12	0.11	0.06	0.24	0.00	0.26	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.16	0.02	0.24	0.15	0.23	0.12	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.09	0.03	0.09	0.04	0.07	0.01	0.03	3.25	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.04	0.07	0.03	0.04	0.35	0.03	-0.05	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.07	0.06	0.07
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure (HK$)	36,200.05	7,618.74	6,982.16	826.09	3,225.86	2.37	2,027.24	103.38	135.77	267.68	332.97	60.81	636.57	1,190.04	474.86	715.17	735.11	2,352.24	516.26	1,313.32	1,693.85	841.04	195.32	811.01	338.09	2,245.25	130.15	1,411.96	915.73	2,084.78	3,313.64	12,338.80	9,714.41	3,929.97	4,626.67	1,157.77	2,587.39	37.00	-724.13	21,271.74	19,186.96	36,924.18	17,352.38	5,398.42	24,585.38
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	9.36	31.57	30.89	31.93	41.38	0.06	190.06	48.86	6.36	15.10	48.20	2.73	41.72	74.13	59.66	88.36	6.50	5.16	3.68	4.81	14.93	31.98	4.52	9.30	1.46	11.84	0.73	2.12	n.a.	10.73	11.19	19.01	14.91	26.76	11.05	13.47	-1,004.75	n.a.	-3.36	7.86	7.63	10.11	8.14	11.01	8.18
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	68.56	136.70	130.52	75.43	282.87	0.48	311.35	43.01	25.67	39.09	187.58	17.98	284.61	177.46	275.69	143.50	61.52	57.29	54.29	56.98	67.27	109.60	32.32	107.42	43.74	81.25	9.63	38.17	3,833.38	69.04	72.08	60.72	49.64	81.20	37.95	45.60	411.30	30.06	-60.57	79.72	81.08	71.55	82.50	70.88	78.59
Shares of Nominal Expenditure (%)	100.00	21.05	19.29	2.28	8.91	0.01	5.60	0.29	0.38	0.74	0.92	0.17	1.76	3.29	1.31	1.98	2.03	6.50	1.43	3.63	4.68	2.32	0.54	2.24	0.93	6.20	0.36	3.90	2.53	5.76	9.15	34.09	26.84	10.86	12.78	3.20	7.15	0.10	-2.00	58.76	53.00	102.00	47.93	14.91	67.92
Expenditure (billion Local Currency Units)	43,555.48	9,166.77	8,400.86	993.95	3,881.32	2.85	2,439.15	124.38	163.36	322.07	400.63	73.16	765.92	1,431.84	571.35	860.49	884.47	2,830.18	621.16	1,580.17	2,038.02	1,011.93	235.00	975.79	406.79	2,701.46	156.60	1,698.85	1,101.80	2,508.38	3,986.93	14,845.90	11,688.26	4,728.49	5,566.75	1,393.02	3,113.12	44.52	-871.26	25,593.91	23,085.53	44,426.75	20,878.19	6,495.31	29,580.84

Download Economy Table

Mongolia

Download Economy Experience [PDF] Download Economy Results [PDF]

Key Results

Mongolia, with the fifth smallest population in the region, has the fifth lowest real and nominal gross domestic product among the 21 participating economies. The economy's per capita real gross domestic product (89,532 Hong Kong dollars) ranks ninth, slightly above the region's per capita. Mongolia's overall price level is the sixth-lowest in the region, with a price level index of 40 relative to Hong Kong, China.

Program Implementation

The National Statistics Office of Mongolia implemented the 2021 International Comparison Program activities, which helped improve the consumer price index surveys through the use of the structured product descriptions. The experience also strengthened statistical capacity in compiling price statistics by exchanging useful knowledge among the participants during the international workshops organized by the Asian Development Bank.

Photo by National Statistics Office

About ICP

The ICP is the world's largest global statistical initiative for estimating purchasing power parities (PPPs) to compare economic outputs, standards of living, and relative price levels across economies.
View ICP governance

Contact Us

ADB ICP Team

Coordinators in Participating Economies

ICP Publications, Blogs, and Articles

These present the ICP reports and related research presenting methodologies and results of purchasing power parities (PPPs) across various ICP cycles in Asia and the Pacific and related research such as studies on poverty-specific PPPs, integrating ICP with the Consumer Price Index as a framework for subnational PPPs, and alternative approaches for estimating PPPs for non-benchmark years in the region.

ICP Reports and Research
Blogs and Related Articles