International Comparison Program for Asia and the Pacific

Malaysia

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Brunei Darussalam

Cambodia

China, People's Republic of

Fiji

Hong Kong, China

India

Indonesia

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Malaysia

Maldives

Mongolia

Nepal

Pakistan

Philippines

Singapore

Sri Lanka

Taipei,China

Thailand

Viet Nam

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2017 ICP
2021 ICP


National Perspective PPPs, PLIs and per capita values are for GDP
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP HKG=1.00)		0.26 0.26
Price Level Index (PLI HKG=100)		47.94 48.40
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure (HK$)		77,668.21 89,211.28
Per Capita Real Expenditure (HK$)		162,021.07 184,315.97
Real GDP Expenditure Share to AP (%)		2.12 1.89
Nominal GDP Expenditure Share to AP (%)		1.64 1.42
Regional Perspective Regional rankings based on 2021 data
Price Level Index GDP (Expensiveness) ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Least Most
Per Capita Real GDP ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lowest Highest
Real GDP Share to AP ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lowest Highest
Price Level Index ICEH (Expensiveness) ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Least Most
Per Capita Real ICEH ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lowest Highest
Real ICEH Share to AP ⓘ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lowest Highest

Household

Government

Investment

Table: 2021 ICP data by Indicator and Expenditure Category

Indicator	Gross Domestic Product	Actual Individual Consumption by Households	Food and nonalcoholic beverages	Food	Bread and cereals	Meat	Fish and seafood	Milk, cheese and eggs	Oils and fats	Fruit	Vegetables	Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and confectionery	Food products n.e.c.	Nonalcoholic beverages	Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics	Alcoholic beverages	Tobacco and narcotics	Clothing and footwear	Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels	Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance	Health	Transportation	Purchase of vehicles	Transport services	Communication	Recreation and culture	Education	Restaurants and hotels	Miscellaneous goods and services	Net purchases abroad	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Government	Collective Consumption Expenditure by Government	Gross Capital Formation	Gross fixed capital formation	Machinery and equipment	Construction	Other products	Changes in inventories	Acquisitions less disposals of valuables	Balance of Exports and Imports	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households	Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households without Housing	Government Final Consumption Expenditure	Domestic Absorption	Total Consumption
Purchasing Power Parity (Hong Kong, China as base)	0.26	0.28	0.28	0.30	0.28	0.25	0.27	0.30	0.28	0.32	0.23	0.24	0.31	0.59	0.75	0.42	0.33	0.13	0.28	0.20	0.28	0.52	0.30	0.42	0.39	0.22	0.24	0.30	0.55	0.22	0.23	0.29	0.29	0.50	0.19	0.49	0.37	0.55	0.55	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.29	0.22	0.25
Price Level Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	47.94	51.18	50.85	53.96	50.42	44.78	49.49	54.46	51.56	57.45	42.16	44.35	56.16	107.13	136.20	75.71	60.41	24.07	50.09	37.13	51.31	94.84	54.19	75.58	71.48	40.74	44.33	53.86	100.00	39.01	41.27	52.85	52.20	90.63	34.22	89.20	67.10	100.00	100.00	46.29	46.89	47.45	52.53	40.43	45.80
Price Level Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	77.30	89.90	90.44	91.10	76.77	89.56	99.40	80.23	95.38	125.42	73.12	74.60	82.34	145.95	130.27	172.06	77.31	63.53	64.80	111.70	91.91	108.16	111.18	121.74	83.32	92.27	68.92	74.40	100.00	68.25	62.61	73.00	72.22	84.32	64.76	84.49	89.48	100.00	100.00	82.98	84.79	77.03	88.65	65.28	79.73
Real Expenditure (HK$ billion)	5,188.33	610.36	587.54	78.81	93.64	120.87	55.34	25.78	76.04	61.18	25.87	63.64	24.22	24.54	7.90	20.52	73.59	899.50	144.81	224.39	368.14	46.88	47.69	144.32	136.17	310.67	331.50	318.31	-59.48	406.79	350.28	1,202.23	1,194.13	197.74	1,055.00	93.12	16.16	1.20	170.82	3,318.65	2,937.85	4,881.70	2,414.67	750.01	3,670.29
Economy Shares of Real Expenditure to Asia and the Pacific (%)	2.12	2.03	2.01	1.26	2.06	3.97	1.38	2.49	2.40	1.28	2.67	3.56	2.45	0.91	1.38	0.66	1.45	2.95	3.57	1.18	2.64	1.69	1.01	3.67	3.99	1.99	5.29	2.21	37.28	2.81	1.70	1.52	1.56	1.33	1.68	1.61	0.66	0.40	6.92	2.36	2.32	2.01	2.28	2.12	2.29
Per Capita Real Expenditure (HK$)	162,021.07	19,060.20	18,347.74	2,461.23	2,924.32	3,774.50	1,728.13	804.97	2,374.47	1,910.57	807.99	1,987.27	756.45	766.47	246.63	640.88	2,297.94	28,089.45	4,522.17	7,007.29	11,496.15	1,463.97	1,489.32	4,506.97	4,252.16	9,701.71	10,352.03	9,940.29	-1,857.32	12,703.20	10,938.47	37,543.25	37,290.37	6,175.01	32,945.62	2,907.91	504.69	37.55	5,334.50	103,634.86	91,743.08	152,445.73	75,405.16	23,421.21	114,615.82
Per Capita Real Expenditure Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	45.04	73.44	75.35	97.49	36.77	85.09	184.29	270.54	117.59	124.30	109.96	50.85	47.13	37.17	19.53	80.15	18.79	70.64	35.41	32.92	67.62	60.38	13.88	74.88	16.17	59.06	45.91	18.84	n.a.	92.38	50.61	47.29	47.87	28.28	67.58	39.70	34.00	n.a.	146.95	40.62	38.01	42.81	36.27	66.23	41.42
Per Capita Real Expenditure Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	251.80	241.19	238.73	149.44	244.99	471.73	163.66	296.10	285.27	152.13	317.53	422.64	290.98	108.63	163.98	78.19	172.56	350.00	424.19	139.99	313.90	200.92	119.70	435.91	473.70	236.64	628.34	262.87	4,430.16	333.63	202.02	180.30	185.74	157.58	200.13	191.75	78.26	47.98	822.74	280.55	275.28	239.23	270.41	252.48	272.30
Nominal Expenditure (HK$ billion)	2,487.14	312.38	298.78	42.53	47.22	54.12	27.39	14.04	39.20	35.15	10.91	28.22	13.60	26.29	10.76	15.54	44.46	216.55	72.53	83.32	188.90	44.46	25.85	109.07	97.33	126.58	146.95	171.44	-59.48	158.67	144.58	635.40	623.35	179.21	361.07	83.07	10.84	1.20	170.82	1,536.34	1,377.67	2,316.31	1,268.41	303.25	1,680.91
Economy Shares of Nominal Expenditure to Asia and the Pacific (%)	1.64	1.82	1.82	1.15	1.58	3.56	1.37	2.00	2.29	1.61	1.95	2.65	2.02	1.33	1.80	1.13	1.12	1.87	2.31	1.32	2.43	1.83	1.12	4.47	3.32	1.84	3.64	1.65	37.28	1.92	1.06	1.11	1.13	1.12	1.09	1.36	0.59	0.40	6.92	1.96	1.96	1.55	2.02	1.39	1.83
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure (HK$)	77,668.21	9,755.15	9,330.34	1,328.12	1,474.56	1,690.08	855.26	438.40	1,224.24	1,097.66	340.67	881.34	424.81	821.13	335.89	485.24	1,388.28	6,762.43	2,265.06	2,601.86	5,899.09	1,388.47	807.11	3,406.18	3,039.32	3,952.81	4,589.03	5,353.74	-1,857.32	4,954.97	4,514.80	19,842.16	19,465.96	5,596.43	11,275.53	2,594.00	338.65	37.55	5,334.50	47,976.76	43,021.79	72,333.71	39,609.92	9,469.77	52,491.56
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	21.59	37.59	38.32	52.61	18.54	38.10	91.21	147.34	60.63	71.41	46.36	22.55	26.47	39.82	26.60	60.68	11.35	17.01	17.74	12.22	34.70	57.26	7.52	56.59	11.56	24.06	20.35	10.15	n.a.	36.03	20.89	24.99	24.99	25.63	23.13	35.41	22.82	n.a.	146.95	18.81	17.83	20.31	19.05	26.78	18.97
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	194.65	216.84	215.91	136.14	188.08	422.46	162.68	237.55	272.09	190.81	232.18	315.28	239.61	158.55	213.62	134.54	133.41	222.34	274.90	156.37	288.52	217.31	133.08	530.68	394.68	218.36	433.08	195.57	4,430.16	227.69	126.49	131.63	134.13	132.87	129.61	162.01	70.03	47.98	822.74	232.80	233.40	184.28	239.73	164.82	217.11
Shares of Nominal Expenditure (%)	100.00	12.56	12.01	1.71	1.90	2.18	1.10	0.56	1.58	1.41	0.44	1.13	0.55	1.06	0.43	0.62	1.79	8.71	2.92	3.35	7.60	1.79	1.04	4.39	3.91	5.09	5.91	6.89	-2.39	6.38	5.81	25.55	25.06	7.21	14.52	3.34	0.44	0.05	6.87	61.77	55.39	93.13	51.00	12.19	67.58
Expenditure (billion Local Currency Units)	1,372.31	172.36	164.86	23.47	26.05	29.86	15.11	7.75	21.63	19.39	6.02	15.57	7.51	14.51	5.93	8.57	24.53	119.48	40.02	45.97	104.23	24.53	14.26	60.18	53.70	69.84	81.08	94.59	-32.82	87.55	79.77	350.59	343.94	98.88	199.23	45.83	5.98	0.66	94.25	847.70	760.15	1,278.06	699.86	167.32	927.47
Purchasing Power Parity (Hong Kong, China as base)	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.29	0.23	0.23	0.28	0.34	0.24	0.31	0.20	0.22	0.29	0.47	0.81	0.29	0.32	0.14	0.29	0.17	0.26	0.37	0.26	0.46	0.36	0.26	0.18	0.28	0.53	0.22	0.25	0.28	0.28	0.53	0.17	0.54	0.34	0.53	0.53	0.24	0.24	0.25	0.27	0.24	0.24
Price Level Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	48.40	48.87	48.53	54.13	42.35	42.78	52.26	63.85	45.46	57.63	37.45	40.74	54.34	87.71	152.71	54.41	59.14	25.36	55.17	31.91	49.25	69.39	48.05	86.97	68.46	48.65	32.89	52.78	100.00	41.09	47.67	52.73	51.86	100.23	31.40	100.85	63.92	100.00	100.00	45.21	45.67	46.96	51.01	44.59	45.39
Price Level Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	75.20	90.95	91.83	94.30	66.65	88.26	107.99	92.12	102.76	137.36	68.07	81.03	77.35	118.00	127.40	115.25	71.30	65.63	74.00	88.60	85.20	108.95	93.63	128.44	87.32	96.24	46.83	70.51	100.00	65.51	66.02	71.39	70.56	88.13	60.39	86.00	76.47	100.00	100.00	80.62	82.92	74.97	86.21	65.79	77.94
Real Expenditure (HK$ billion)	6,004.33	929.58	885.64	133.44	137.06	157.72	89.56	37.49	109.53	84.04	58.72	100.89	45.11	36.01	9.21	32.21	85.08	1,109.17	147.15	356.34	341.67	56.10	10.93	189.15	80.84	294.50	396.64	355.39	27.82	499.99	344.17	1,218.47	1,079.74	174.57	930.61	91.98	127.10	1.26	210.09	4,179.65	3,687.60	5,741.09	3,020.49	828.69	4,524.22
Economy Shares of Real Expenditure to Asia and the Pacific (%)	1.89	2.31	2.26	1.80	1.97	4.00	1.72	2.79	2.36	1.33	4.70	3.87	3.66	1.03	1.65	0.79	1.52	2.69	2.98	1.44	2.02	1.20	0.24	4.38	2.12	1.39	5.32	1.86	30.05	2.68	1.39	1.14	1.05	1.06	1.02	1.10	4.36	0.26	4.53	2.27	2.21	1.80	2.19	1.90	2.17
Per Capita Real Expenditure (HK$)	184,315.97	28,535.42	27,186.61	4,096.16	4,207.47	4,841.58	2,749.31	1,150.69	3,362.41	2,579.73	1,802.56	3,096.91	1,384.82	1,105.44	282.61	988.73	2,611.81	34,048.29	4,517.23	10,938.56	10,488.36	1,722.07	335.41	5,806.30	2,481.61	9,040.17	12,175.64	10,909.54	854.01	15,348.42	10,564.97	37,403.57	33,144.87	5,358.79	28,566.97	2,823.61	3,901.63	38.77	6,449.26	128,303.47	113,198.92	176,235.12	92,720.50	25,438.56	138,880.61
Per Capita Real Expenditure Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	47.65	118.26	120.28	158.31	53.97	117.50	257.75	543.83	157.58	145.51	260.95	139.25	90.76	68.86	35.51	122.16	23.08	74.66	32.19	40.03	92.46	65.48	7.76	66.56	10.69	47.68	68.17	16.37	n.a.	78.99	35.68	57.63	50.87	36.49	68.22	32.86	-1,515.10	n.a.	29.93	47.38	45.04	48.25	43.49	51.87	46.23
Per Capita Real Expenditure Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	224.69	275.12	268.56	214.69	234.43	475.73	204.31	331.80	281.25	158.07	558.71	460.37	434.96	122.52	196.66	93.67	181.31	320.35	354.14	170.95	240.79	142.94	28.48	520.74	251.68	165.37	632.53	220.75	3,574.99	318.89	165.93	135.93	124.48	125.93	121.84	130.40	518.45	31.50	539.48	269.61	263.46	213.91	260.83	226.36	258.57
Nominal Expenditure (HK$ billion)	2,906.17	454.32	429.80	72.23	58.05	67.47	46.80	23.93	49.79	48.43	21.99	41.10	24.51	31.58	14.06	17.53	50.32	281.25	81.18	113.72	168.27	38.93	5.25	164.50	55.34	143.27	130.44	187.56	27.82	205.47	164.05	642.46	559.95	174.98	292.21	92.76	81.24	1.26	210.09	1,889.57	1,684.10	2,696.08	1,540.78	369.52	2,053.62
Economy Shares of Nominal Expenditure to Asia and the Pacific (%)	1.42	2.10	2.07	1.70	1.31	3.53	1.85	2.57	2.43	1.83	3.20	3.14	2.83	1.22	2.11	0.91	1.09	1.77	2.20	1.27	1.72	1.31	0.22	5.62	1.85	1.34	2.49	1.31	30.05	1.76	0.92	0.82	0.74	0.93	0.62	0.94	3.33	0.26	4.53	1.83	1.84	1.35	1.89	1.25	1.69
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure (HK$)	89,211.28	13,946.20	13,193.68	2,217.17	1,781.96	2,071.12	1,436.66	734.70	1,528.55	1,486.80	675.12	1,261.59	752.52	969.56	431.57	537.99	1,544.68	8,633.46	2,491.95	3,490.94	5,165.48	1,195.01	161.17	5,049.68	1,698.82	4,397.98	4,004.10	5,757.61	854.01	6,307.31	5,035.83	19,721.72	17,188.97	5,371.34	8,970.14	2,847.49	2,493.98	38.77	6,449.26	58,004.46	51,697.15	82,762.02	47,297.71	11,343.15	63,040.29
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure Index (Hong Kong, China = 100)	23.06	57.80	58.37	85.69	22.86	50.26	134.69	347.23	71.64	83.86	97.73	56.72	49.32	60.40	54.22	66.47	13.65	18.93	17.76	12.78	45.54	45.44	3.73	57.89	7.32	23.20	22.42	8.64	n.a.	32.46	17.01	30.39	26.38	36.57	21.42	33.13	-968.47	n.a.	29.93	21.42	20.57	22.66	22.18	23.13	20.99
Per Capita Nominal Expenditure Index (Asia and the Pacific = 100)	168.96	250.23	246.63	202.46	156.26	419.90	220.65	305.66	289.00	217.13	380.34	373.03	336.44	144.58	250.55	107.95	129.27	210.26	262.06	151.45	205.16	155.73	26.67	668.83	219.78	159.16	296.21	155.64	3,574.99	208.89	109.54	97.05	87.84	110.99	73.58	112.15	396.45	31.50	539.48	217.37	218.45	160.38	224.87	148.93	201.52
Shares of Nominal Expenditure (%)	100.00	15.63	14.79	2.49	2.00	2.32	1.61	0.82	1.71	1.67	0.76	1.41	0.84	1.09	0.48	0.60	1.73	9.68	2.79	3.91	5.79	1.34	0.18	5.66	1.90	4.93	4.49	6.45	0.96	7.07	5.64	22.11	19.27	6.02	10.05	3.19	2.80	0.04	7.23	65.02	57.95	92.77	53.02	12.71	70.66
Expenditure (billion Local Currency Units)	1,548.90	242.14	229.07	38.49	30.94	35.96	24.94	12.76	26.54	25.81	11.72	21.90	13.07	16.83	7.49	9.34	26.82	149.90	43.27	60.61	89.68	20.75	2.80	87.67	29.50	76.36	69.52	99.96	14.83	109.51	87.43	342.41	298.44	93.26	155.74	49.44	43.30	0.67	111.97	1,007.08	897.57	1,436.92	821.19	196.94	1,094.51

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Malaysia

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Key Results

Malaysia ranks ninth in both population and real gross domestic product (GDP) among the 21 participating economies, equivalent to 1.89% of the region's total real GDP. The economy's per capita real GDP of 184,316 Hong Kong dollars is 125% higher than the regional level, ranking fifth in the region. Malaysia's overall price level is 48% of Hong Kong, China's and 75% of the region's average price level.

Program Implementation

The Prices, Income, and Expenditure Statistics Division of the Department of Statistics, Malaysia led the implementation, price collection, and data validation for the 2021 International Comparison Program. Adopting the program's concepts for purchasing power parity compilation enabled Malaysia to develop comparative indexes between states and improve the survey framework for the next cycle.

Photo by Department of Statistics, Malaysia

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The ICP is the world's largest global statistical initiative for estimating purchasing power parities (PPPs) to compare economic outputs, standards of living, and relative price levels across economies.
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These present the ICP reports and related research presenting methodologies and results of purchasing power parities (PPPs) across various ICP cycles in Asia and the Pacific and related research such as studies on poverty-specific PPPs, integrating ICP with the Consumer Price Index as a framework for subnational PPPs, and alternative approaches for estimating PPPs for non-benchmark years in the region.

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